Footnotes do not count toward the word count in most situations, but each instructor or publisher may have special requirements.
The maximum word count for school assignments usually only applies to the main text because footnotes contain either citations (in Chicago style) or supplemental information (in Chicago, MLA, or APA style writing).
APA footnotes and MLA footnotes are only for supplemental information, which should be kept to a minimum. For most school assignments, supplemental information isn’t necessary.
Place your cursor in the spot of the main text where the callout number should appear (e.g., after a sentence’s period).
Select the “References” tab in the top toolbar, and select “Insert Footnote.”
A numbered footnote will appear in the page’s footer, where you can adjust the formatting based on the style you’re using (e.g., APA footnotes, MLA footnotes, or Chicago style citations) and type the citation or note.
When you’re using footnotes for Chicago style citations, QuillBot’s free Citation Generator can help you cite your sources accurately.
Footnote numbers go after the period of a sentence in the main text that applies to the information in the footnote—like this.² For example, in Chicago style writing, each sentence that needs a citation has a superscript number after the period.
These superscript numbers in the main text are also referred to as callout numbers. There is no space between the period and the superscript callout number.
Callout numbers can also go after a comma or before an em dash or closing parenthesis—like this³—when the footnote only applies to a phrase or clause in the sentence.
When you’re using footnotes for citations, QuillBot’s free Chicago Citation Generator can also help you avoid errors.
The correct spelling is lunch break (not lunch brake).
Deciding whether to spell it brake or break can be tricky; a “brake” is a device in a vehicle that slows it down (e.g., “I need to take my car to the shop to get the brakes checked”).
Chicago PDF citations are a form of Chicago website citations when PDFs are published online. However, the notes should have page numbers because PDFs have numbered pages (which is not the case for many websites).
Each footnote or endnote begins with a number that corresponds to a superscript number at the end of the sentence that quotes, summarizes, or paraphrases.
For the first full note, include the author, PDF title, website name, URL, and the page number where you got the information. If you cite the same PDF after that, write a short note with the author and title, which you can shorten if it’s more than four words.
The bibliography entry includes the author, PDF title, website name, and URL.
In both the bibliography and the first full note, use italics for the PDF title.
Chicago PDF citation examples
Bibliography example
Thomas, Paul. The Science of Reading Movement: The Never-Ending Debate and the Need for a Different Approach to Reading Instruction. National Education Policy Center. September, 2022.https://nepc.colorado.edu/sites/default/files/publications/PB%20Thomas_0.pdf.
Chicago full note example
8. Paul Thomas, The Science of Reading Movement: The Never-Ending Debate and the Need for a Different Approach to Reading Instruction, National Education Policy Center, September, 2022, https://nepc.colorado.edu/sites/default/files/publications/PB%20Thomas_0.pdf.
Chicago short note example
10. Thomas, Science of Reading.
QuillBot’s free Citation Generator can help you create clear and accurate Chicago PDF citations.
Digital literacy is important in the workplace because nowadays nearly all jobs incorporate digital components.
Digital literacy is very important in the remote workplace. Mastering digital communication and collaboration tools is essential for remote teams. It’s also important for workplace security and protecting company information.
Digital literacy is also important for general workplace efficiency. Using digital tools makes many jobs easier and faster to do.
For example, running a QuillBot Grammar Check can help employees pick up on errors in their writing faster than most human eyes can.
Digital literacy in education is the ability of both students and teachers to find, evaluate, create, and communicate information digitally. Digital literacy in education is particularly important in blended learning contexts.
Some examples of digital literacy in education are:
APA requires “p.” before a page number, but Chicago style does not.
APA signal phrases use past-tense verbs, and Chicago requires present-tense verbs.
APA reference page entries use sentence case for book and article titles. Chicago reference entries use title case for all titles.
APA and Chicago author-date citations examples
APA
Bradshaw and Ellis (2016) explained, “First impressions are crucial—if either the dog or cat is spooked during their first actual physical encounter, later meetings are less likely to go well” (p. 150).
Chicago
Bradshaw and Ellis (2016) explain, “First impressions are crucial—if either the dog or cat is spooked during their first actual physical encounter, later meetings are less likely to go well” (150).
QuillBot’s free Citation Generator can help you create flawless citations in APA, Chicago author-date, or whichever citation style you’re using.
In sentences that quote or paraphrase the person you spoke with, include their name in a signal phrase. In parentheses, include the words “personal communication” and the date of the interview or conversation.
You can also put the interviewee’s name in parentheses with “personal communication” and the date.
APA personal communication citation examplesLicensed professional counselor Elena Jones (personal communication, July 1, 2023) described the impact of diet and exercise on mental health.
Another mental health provider believes that increasing protein and limiting refined sugars can improve mood and executive function (Wanda Hays, personal communication, July 15, 2023).
QuillBot’s free Citation Generator can help you create impeccable citations for a variety of outside sources, including personal communications.
To write a title in an APA film citation on the references page, use italics and sentence case. Only capitalize the first word, the first word after a colon, and proper nouns.
APA film title example
APA film title example
Wardle, T. (Director). (2018). Three identical strangers [Film]. CNN Films.
If you mention a movie in the main text of a paper, use italics and title case (e.g., Three Identical Strangers). Capitalize all major words and minor words that are four letters or longer (e.g., “With”).
QuillBot’s Notepad can help you take notes online to keep track of relevant source information. You can also use QuillBot’s free Citation Generator to create APA film citations.
