AMA doesn’t require writers to include the author’s name in AMA in-text citations. However, you can include the author’s name in a signal phrase if the name provides context.
AMA requires the last name(s) in signal phrases. For a source with two authors, use both last names (e.g., Kesey and Burroughs). For a source with three or more authors, use the first name with “et al” (e.g., Smith et al).
The AMA in-text citation—which is a superscript number that corresponds to a numbered reference entry—can be located after the author’s name, after the sentence’s end punctuation, or after closing quotation marks.
As a general rule, place superscript numbers at the end of the phrase, clause, or sentence that includes the information that applies to the citation like these examples:
Owens et al discussed socioeconomic barriers to psychotherapy,7 but this study focuses on emotional barriers.
The studies by Amani5 and Smith et al6 are also consistent with these findings.
Haidt discussed the importance of chores, projects, and free play for healthy child development.8
When you’re writing AMA citations and references, QuillBot’s free Citation Generator can help you avoid errors.
To cite the same source multiple times in AMA style, follow these steps:
Number sources on the AMA reference page sequentially according to the first time each source is cited in your main text. For example, the first source you cite in text is “1,” the second is “2,” and so on.
Each source only needs one number and one reference entry no matter how many AMA in-text citations you have for the same source.
Each time you summarize, paraphrase, or quote each source, use the same number from the reference page in superscript at the end of the relevant sentence, phrase, or clause—like this example.4
QuillBot’s free Citation Generator can help you create accurate AMA references.
Endnotes are used for citations or sharing supplemental details in Chicago style writing. Each endnote refers to a superscript number in the main text (e.g., following a sentence that paraphrases an outside source and therefore needs a citation).
In APA and MLA writing, endnotesare only used for sharing supplemental details (e.g., extra explanation that would interrupt the flow of the main text).
QuillBot’s Citation Generator can help you instantly generate accurate Chicago citations.
An endnote citation is a note in a Chicago style document that includes the author, title, and other publication details. Endnotesare located on a separate page, before the bibliography.
Each Chicago endnote citation corresponds to a superscript number in a sentence that paraphrases, summarizes, or quotes an outside source.
In APA or MLA writing, endnotes are never citations in and of themselves. They’re only for sharing supplemental information that would interrupt the flow of the main text.
However, when APA or MLA endnotes contain details from outside sources, they should have in-text citations just like the main text.
With the QuillBot Citation Generator, you can instantly create accurate Chicago style endnote citations. QuillBot’s Grammar Checker can also help you ensure that APA and MLA endnotes are error free.
There is no such thing as an APA footnote citation. APA uses parenthetical citations rather than footnotes to document outside sources. APA citations include the author and year of publication in parentheses—like this (Dreyfus, 2023).
An APA footnote is for supplemental information (e.g., suggestions for further reading) or copyright details for excerpted materials in the main text of your paper.
When an APA footnote includes information from another source, it should also include an APA in-text citation and an entry on the APA reference page.
APA footnote with a citation example
¹ Other general practitioner screening tools for Alzheimer’s include the Mini-Mental State Examination (Folstein et al., 1975) and the General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition (Brodaty et al., 2002).
When you’re writing APA footnotes that need APA citations, QuillBot’s free APA Citation Generator can help you avoid errors.
In rare situations, APA uses footnotes, but not for in-text citations like Chicago style writing.
APA footnotes are for providing extra content that would interrupt the flow of the main text (e.g., suggesting additional sources) or for giving copyright attribution for long quotations and excerpts.
For example, if a dissertation excerpts a copyrighted psychological assessment, a footnote should include the copyright holder’s name and copyright year. These notes are rarely necessary in undergraduate essay types.
When you’re writing APA footnotes, QuillBot’s free Paraphraser can help you write concisely and choose the best words.
Footnotes do not count toward the word count in most situations, but each instructor or publisher may have special requirements.
The maximum word count for school assignments usually only applies to the main text because footnotes contain either citations (in Chicago style) or supplemental information (in Chicago, MLA, or APA style writing).
APA footnotes and MLA footnotes are only for supplemental information, which should be kept to a minimum. For most school assignments, supplemental information isn’t necessary.
Place your cursor in the spot of the main text where the callout number should appear (e.g., after a sentence’s period).
Select the “References” tab in the top toolbar, and select “Insert Footnote.”
A numbered footnote will appear in the page’s footer, where you can adjust the formatting based on the style you’re using (e.g., APA footnotes, MLA footnotes, or Chicago style citations) and type the citation or note.
When you’re using footnotes for Chicago style citations, QuillBot’s free Citation Generator can help you cite your sources accurately.
Footnote numbers go after the period of a sentence in the main text that applies to the information in the footnote—like this.² For example, in Chicago style writing, each sentence that needs a citation has a superscript number after the period.
These superscript numbers in the main text are also referred to as callout numbers. There is no space between the period and the superscript callout number.
Callout numbers can also go after a comma or before an em dash or closing parenthesis—like this³—when the footnote only applies to a phrase or clause in the sentence.
When you’re using footnotes for citations, QuillBot’s free Chicago Citation Generator can also help you avoid errors.
