Chicago style (also sometimes known as Turabian style) is used by students and researchers in a wide variety of disciplines. The primary resource for applying Chicago style is A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (9th edition).
There are two citation formats to choose from in Chicago style:
Notes and bibliography style (used primarily in the humanities)
Author-date (used primarily in the sciences)
The general guidelines for both of these styles are explained below. QuillBot’s free Chicago Citation Generator will automatically apply these guidelines to create citations for a variety of source types.
Published on
September 23, 2024
by
Nicole Routh, M.Ed.
Revised on
October 8, 2024.
Paraphrasing involves rewording information from an outside source that you’re using as evidence in your own writing. Most academic writing includes paraphrases from multiple sources to show your readers that you researched your topic thoroughly.
Paraphrasing also helps you avoid overusing quotations so that the majority of your sentences reflect your own writing voice.
However, paraphrasing incorrectly can lead to plagiarism. To paraphrase correctly, you must state the information in your own words and give credit to the source with an in-text citation.
Paraphrase vs quotation example
APA style quotation
APA style paraphrase
Haidt (2024) explained, “Experience, not information, is the key to emotional development. It is in unsupervised, child-led play where children best learn to tolerate bruises, handle their emotions, read other children’s emotions, take turns, resolve conflicts, and play fair” (p. 53).
Haidt (2024) argued that unsupervised free play is crucial for emotional development because it helps children learn how to bear minor discomforts, regulate their emotions, empathize with others, and resolve conflicts.
MLA style is commonly used by students and academics in the humanities. In this citation guide, we give a broad overview of the guidelines from the 9th edition (the most recent) of the MLA Handbook.
MLA citations have two parts:
In-text citation: Every quotation or paraphrase of another source is accompanied by a parenthetical citation including the author’s last name and the page number.
Works Cited entry: At the end of the paper, you include a Works Cited page, which gives a full reference for each source cited, listed alphabetically by the author’s last name.
APA Style is quite commonly used in the field of social and behavioral sciences. In this citation guide, we give a broad overview of the guidelines from the 7th edition (2020) of the APA Publication Manual.
QuillBot’s free APA Citation Generator automatically applies these guidelines to help you cite webpages, journal articles, books, videos, and other types of sources.
Published on
July 2, 2024
by
Paige Pfeifer, BA.
Revised on
October 2, 2024.
Summarizing is condensing information; paraphrasing is rewording information; and quoting is copying information inside quotation marks.
Most of the time, when you’re referring back to a previous conversation, text, or piece of media, you’re not recalling each part exactly as it happened—that would require a memory better than any of us probably have!
Instead, you’re going to be either paraphrasing what you heard or read, summarizing the information learned, or directly quoting pieces of what you remember.
Summarizing, paraphrasing, and quoting are all closely related actions, which can make them difficult to tell apart in certain circumstances.
Published on
July 2, 2024
by
Hannah Skaggs.
Revised on
October 8, 2024.
Most people know what a bibliography is—a list of sources at the end of a document. But what does it mean for it to be annotated? An annotated bibliography is a list of sources along with the compiler’s comments on each one.
Each reference gives complete citation information for the source and includes a single-paragraph comment, also called an annotation, at the end.
Published on
June 26, 2024
by
Paige Pfeifer, BA.
Revised on
October 8, 2024.
So you don’t want to plagiarize someone else’s work…great choice. It is both hauntingly unethical and a drag if you get caught, so sticking to citing your sources is for the best, any way you slice it. There are a lot of ways to go about doing this, so we’d better jump in right away.
Published on
June 26, 2024
by
Paige Pfeifer, BA.
Revised on
October 8, 2024.
An in-text citation appears in a written text and gives credit to a source’s original author. They usually include information within a set of parentheses, like the author’s name, the publication date of the source, and the page number the quote is from.
Example: APA Style in-text citation(Brown, 1997, p. 188)
“Ibid.” is a term used in academic writing to cite a source that has already been cited in the text. It’s used to direct the reader to the previous footnote or endnote, where the full citation can be found.
“Ibid.” is the abbreviated form of “ibidem,” a Latin term meaning “in the same place.”
Examples: Ibid. in Chicago-style footnote1. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Hobbit (London: HarperCollins, 2009), 15.
2. Ibid.
