What is the difference between symbolism and metaphor?

Symbolism and metaphor are easy to confuse. However, they are distinct literary devices.

  • Symbolism relies on symbols (objects, persons, or situations) to represent abstract ideas or concepts. A strong symbol is usually related to whatever it is meant to symbolize and often recurs throughout a literary work as a major part of the theme. For example, the raven in Edgar Allan Poe’s eponymous poem symbolizes the narrator’s grief.
  • A metaphor, on the other hand, compares two seemingly unrelated things, stating that one thing is another. Metaphors are often brief, like the phrase “Time is a thief.” The purpose is to create vivid imagery, exaggerate a trait, or express a complex idea.

In short, while both symbolism and metaphor involve using one thing to represent another, symbolism relies on recurring symbols to convey deeper meanings, whereas metaphors make a direct comparison to highlight a specific idea.