Published on
January 15, 2025
by
Nicole Routh, M.Ed
Revised on
March 19, 2025
AMA in-text citations are superscript numbers in the main text that direct readers to numbered entries on an AMA reference page.
Each AMA reference entry begins with a number and includes the author, title, and other publication details. Number these entries in the order that you initially cite each source in the main text.
Each source has only one entry, so if you cite the same scholarly source in multiple places, use the same number for all of that source’s in-text citations.
AMA in-text citation and reference entry example
AMA in-text citation
AMA reference entry
Another recent study explored the common barriers to asthma treatment.5
5. Papi A, Blasi F, Canonica GW, et al. Treatment strategies for asthma: reshaping the concept of asthma management. Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology. 2020;16:1-11. doi:10.1186/s13223-020-00472-8
To cite sources correctly in AMA style, follow the examples and guidelines below, or use QuillBot’s free Citation Generator.
Endnotes are numbered citations or notes on a separate page at the end of a piece of academic writing. Each endnote begins with a number that corresponds to a superscript number in the main text (often referred to as a callout number).
Each citation style has specific guidelines about when and how to use endnotes. For example, APA and MLA endnotes are for sharing supplemental information, but in Chicago style writing, endnotes are for citations as well as supplemental details.
Chicago style endnotes example
TipWith the QuillBot Citation Generator, you can instantly create accurate Chicago style endnote citations. QuillBot’s Grammar Checker can also help you ensure that APA and MLA endnotes are error free.
Footnotes are numbered citations or notes at the bottom of a page in a piece of academic writing. Each footnote begins with a number that corresponds to a superscript number in the main text.
The citation style you’re using determines when and how to use footnotes. For example, APA footnotes and MLA footnotes are for sharing extra information, but in Chicago style, footnotes are for citing sources.
Chicago style footnotes example
NoteFootnotes are similar to endnotes, and they usually serve the same purpose (e.g., they’re both options for Chicago style citations). Whereas footnotes go in the footer of each page that has the superscript callout, endnotes go on a separate page at the end of the document.TipWith the QuillBot Citation Generator, you can instantly create accurate Chicago citations. QuillBot’s Grammar Checker can also help you ensure that APA and MLA footnotes are error free.
Each APA footnote begins with a superscript number that corresponds to a superscript callout number in the main text—like this.¹ You can place each footnote in the footer of the page with the callout number or on a separate footnotes page after the APA reference page.
APA footnote example
¹ Other general practitioner screening tools for Alzheimer’s include the Mini-Mental State Examination (Folstein et al., 1975) and the General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition (Brodaty et al., 2002).
Published on
December 30, 2024
by
Nicole Routh, M.Ed
Revised on
January 13, 2025
If you’re writing an essay in Chicago style, there’s a good chance that some of your scholarly sources will be journal articles. Chicago has two citation systems—notes and bibliography and author-date (which is far less common).
In essays using the notes and bibliography system, each journal article that you quote, summarize, or paraphrase needs two forms of citation:
An entry on a bibliography at the end of the document
A numbered footnote for each sentence that has information from the article
Use the examples below to learn about Chicago format for journal articles, or try QuillBot’s free Citation Generator to create in-text citations and Works Cited entries. Additionally, QuillBot’s online Notepad can help you take notes online and keep track of relevant source information.
How to cite a journal article Chicago examples
Footnotes
Bibliography
3. Guangbin Shi, “From Trap to Memphis Rap: The Incorporation and Reconfiguration of American Southern Hip-Hop Music in China,” Journal of Popular Music Studies 36, no. 4 (2024): 121, https://doi.org/10.1525/jpms.2024.36.4.112.
Shi, Guangbin. “From Trap to Memphis Rap: The Incorporation and Reconfiguration of American Southern Hip-Hop Music in China.” Journal of Popular Music Studies 36, no. 4 (2024): 112–40. https://doi.org/10.1525/jpms.2024.36.4.112.
Published on
December 19, 2024
by
Nicole Routh, M.Ed
Revised on
January 13, 2025
When you’re writing Chicago style essays for history courses and other disciplines, you may end up using scholarly sources from websites.
Chicago style offers two different citation systems—notes and bibliography (the most common and therefore the main focus of this article) and author-date.
In the notes and bibliography system, Chicago requires two types of citations for websites (and all other types of sources):
A numbered footnote for each sentence that quotes or paraphrases the website
An entry on the Bibliography page at the end of your document
The format for the footnotes and bibliography entry depends on several factors, such as the type of author. Chicago website citations don’t need page numbers unless the source has numbered pages (e.g., a PDF).
The examples and tips below cover a few variations of Chicago website citations. QuillBot’s free Citation Generator can also help you cite websites in Chicago style. Additionally, our Notepad lets you take online notes to keep track of relevant source material.
Chicago website citations examples
Full note
Bibliography
3. Manohla Dargis, “‘Wicked’ Review: We’re Off To See the Witches,” New York Times, November 27, 2024, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/21/movies/wicked-review.html.
Dargis, Manohla. “‘Wicked’ Review: We’re Off To See the Witches.” New York Times. November 27, 2024. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/21/movies/wicked-review.html.
A scholarly source is an article, webpage, or book written by an expert in the field of study. They use the most up-to-date research available and support their claims with evidence.
Anyone conducting research should aim to use scholarly sources in their work and should follow the best practices of scholarly writing. This involves:
Published on
November 26, 2024
by
Nicole Routh, M.Ed
Revised on
January 13, 2025
Chicago style has two systems for citing books and other outside sources—notes and bibliography or author-date. The notes and bibliography system is far more common (especially for history topics), and it requires two forms of citation:
Published on
November 25, 2024
by
Nicole Routh, M.Ed
Revised on
December 18, 2024
Whether you’re using information from a published interview or an interview you conducted, APA has special citation guidelines.
Interviews you conducted don’t need APA reference page entries because those sources aren’t retrievable. Personal interviews need in-text citations that label the interview as a “personal communication.”
Published interviews in magazines, podcasts, and other sources need reference entries and in-text citations. The reference entry format is determined by the type of source (e.g., online magazine article). APA in-text citations for published interviews should include the author and year of the source rather than the interviewee’s name.
Regardless of where the interview data came from, it’s helpful to use the interviewee’s name in the narrative of the sentence for context.
APA interview in-text citation examples
Personal interview in-text citations
Published interview in-text citations
Licensed professional counselor Elena Jones (personal communication, July 1, 2023) described the impact of diet and exercise on mental health.
Educator and reading expert Patricia Alexander described the impact of digital media on persistence and time on task (International Reading Association, 2020).
The examples below will help you format APA interview citations for a few types of interviews. You can also try QuillBot’s free APA Citation Generator. Additionally, our Online Notepad can help you effectively take notes during interviews.
Published on
November 25, 2024
by
Nicole Routh, M.Ed
Revised on
January 13, 2025
Movies and documentaries often provide valuable insights about topics that are common in APA writing. For example, they might include scientific evidence, qualitative research, or examples of social issues and psychological phenomena.
APA in-text citations for movies include the director’s last name and the year of release. Quotation citations also have a timestamp.
APA reference page entries include the director, year, title, and production company.
APA movie citations examples
In-text citations
Reference list entry
Inside Out 2 explores how emotions affect the development of an adolescent’s Sense of Self (Mann, 2024).
Mann, K. (Director). (2024). Inside out 2 [Film]. Pixar Animation Studios.
The examples below and QuillBot’s free APA Citation Generator can help you write clear and accurate APA movie citations. Our Notepad can also help you to effectively take notes online and keep track of relevant source information.
